The article discusses the problem connected with the emergence of the Arab-Muslim ambassadorial service. The special role of religious dogmas in the formation of the principles and approaches of Muslim diplomacy is noted. Also, specific historical cases are explored.
The article analyzes the place of king Canute the Great’s (1016 – 1035 state in foreign and national historiography. Most of the works published today in different languages are considered. Until now, such work has not been published in Russian.
The article discusses the question of the Mongol invasion impact on the Central European countries (Poland, Bohemia and Hungary) urban development in the XIII century. It is concluded that the devastating consequences of the invasion accelerated the acceptation a new model of urban system in the Central European region, which was typologically akin to Western European urbanism.
In the article, the question of city self-management organization in the XIV–XV century England is considered. On the example of Bristol and York it is found out whether it is possible to speak about democratic principles of the city authorities’ election, who was a part of city elite and how it was formed.
The article shows the role and place of the yeomen of the guard institution in the Royal court and armed forces system during the reign of Charles II. Particular attention is drawn to the position of officers of the company at the Royal court.
Women and children’s everyday life representation in England in the second half of XIX – the beginning of XX century are considered in the article as historical sources. Representation of clothes and accessories, forms of pastime demonstrated change in the social role of women and the new attitude to the child in English society. The paintings concerned demonstrated not only real, but also the desired situation, fulfilling the social demand of the royal monarchy through the promotion of high moral values which were necessary for the unity of the nation.
The article analyzes the peculiarities of O. Bismarck’s internal policy in the second half of the XIX century. This policy was called «social maneuvering», as it was expressed in an active search for like-minded people in representatives of various political parties, economists, major Industrialists for the elaboration and implementation of social reforms. By political maneuvering and economic concessions to individual groups of the ruling classes, the «iron Chancellor» had split the opposition more than once, attracting one part of it to his side and isolating the other. O.
The article examines the impact of the theological views of the American Protestant denominations representatives on the formation of theoretical and methodological foundations of the American prison systems. The U. S.A. is considered to be the «pioneers» in the realization of prison reforms in the nineteenth century. Actually it was in America that the first progressive penitentiary systems were arranged: Pennsylvanian and Auburn systems. The elements of American prison systems were later borrowed by European and Russian penal reformers.
The European Union’s social policy is the subject of a large number of studies; it is an important area of domestic policy for each EU member state and their citizens. The formation of the EU general social policy passed certain stages in its historical development. The purpose of this study is to identify the problems that arise in the formation of the EU unified social policy in the context of its development.
The analysis of the ceramic assemblages revealed in the North-Eastern district of Chersonesos in 1982 is presented in the article. They are a few rocky cavities of artificial origin and overlying cultural layer. The material is represented by both imported products and local (the Black Sea region) reminiscences of imported samples. Undoubtedly, these findings are interesting for the study of the early ceramic collection of the site and the economic life of its population at the initial stage of the settlement.
The article deals with ordeals («iudicium Dei») and their features after the Conquest compared with those of Anglo-Saxon age and contemporary continental practice. An introduction of the trial by battle, well-known in France, but unknown in England prior to 1066 is given. Meanwhile, common for pre-Conquest ordeal by hot iron was continued to be used with the help of the English Church, which controlled it. In addition it must be kept in mind that there are few real cases of ordeals known from sources, contradictory to the subsequent age of the Plantagenets.
The article analyzes the position of the cities of Greater Poland till the middle of XII century. The author notes the specificity and the complexity in the study of this period. According to the author, the fate of the Archbishop’s Department played the significant role in the development of the Greater Poland cities. The article shows the development of the cities of Greater Poland since their decline in the middle of the XI century till the gradual revival in the XII century.
Geoffrey Chaucer is a representative of an early English humanistic literature, who in his «The Canterbury tales» managed to show the whole panorama of social life in England of the XIV century. His short stories reflect the epochal change, the formation of new values and a new elite. Chaucer notes the degradation of the secular and spiritual aristocracy, welcomes the enrichment and strengthening of the third estate, connects it with the future of their country, admires workers-peasants that preserved the moral purity of the «corrupt age» of the poet.
Работа посвящена англо-шотландскому пограничью в 1525–1527 гг. На примере политики по отношению к жителям Тайндейла и Риддесдейла рассмотрены мероприятия короны в пограничных землях в этот период. По мнению автора, радикальных изменений в указанной области не произошло. Основным способом умиротворения горцев оставались строгое наказание за преступления, карательные походы, взятие заложников, требование от
В статье рассматриваются проблемы французской политической мысли в XVI в. и особенности интерпретации проблемы сословий и сословного представительства. Автор анализирует значение проблемы сословного представительства в формировании идеи народного суверенитета и идейную борьбу между тираноборцами и легитимистами, как и проблему эволюции констуционалистских идей.
Статья посвящена изучению трансформации политической элиты Канады в связи со вступлением в силу Конституционного акта 1791 г., а также формированию системы управления новообразованной колонии Верхняя Канада. Особое внимание уделяется роли этнического фактора в данном процессе, положению представителей англо‑ и франкоканадской общины в новой политической системе, а также влиянию этнического фактора на ранний период политической истории Верхней Канады. Основная цель автора – дополнить существующие в исторической науке представления о причинах возникновения франкоканадского национализма.
В статье анализируется размежевание ирландского национализма в годы Первой мировой войны. Показан процесс радикализации и милитаризации политического климата Ирландии под влиянием войны и вопроса о самоуправлении. Автор обращается к анализу причин, приведших революционное направление ирландского национализма к лидерству и способствовавших получению им массовой поддержки населения. Ключевыми событиями стали Ирландский кризис 1912–1914 гг., Пасхальное восстание и влияние идей партии Шинн Фейн.
Статья посвящена актуальным вопросам масонского движения XX столетия. В центре внимания автора –пропагандистский феномен «Протоколов сионских мудрецов», рассматриваемый в контексте попыток национальной (в России) и глобальной дискредитации структур «вольных каменщиков».
В статье анализируется влияние аналитических центров на формирование политики США в странах третьего мира в начале 1960-х годов. Раскрывается роль аналитических центров как связующих звеньев между экспертным знанием и политической властью. Особое внимание уделено причинам роста влияния аналитических центров в связи с принадлежностью многих членов администрации президента Кеннеди к Совету по международным отношениям и приходу в Пентагон аналитиков из корпорации РЭНД.
Статья посвящена изучению процесса формирования политики помощи слаборазвитым странам администрации Дж. Ф. Кеннеди в контексте политико-идеологического противостояния двух подходов – «помощи развитию» и «взаимной безопасности». Особое внимание уделено исследованию первых речей и выступлений президента Кеннеди, которые обозначили поворот его администрации в сторону радикально-прогрессистской модели развития азиатских стран.